This resource is meant to provide a literature reference library for GHG-emission and life-cycle assessments of future fuels. The table shows an overview of the reviewed LCA publications published in 2014-2022 including author names and included fuels. The Life Cycle Assessment of Marine Fuels in the Nordic Region provide the complete table where also the covered GHG emissions, the life cycle phases covered and other environmental impacts than climate change considered are included.
| Report title | Author(s) | Fuels included |
|---|---|---|
| How can LNG-fuelled ships meet decarbonisation targets? An environmental and economic analysis | Balcombe, P., et al. (2021) | LNG, HFO, MDO, fossil methanol, fossil and renewable/green hydrogen and ammonia, biogas and biomethanol |
| Fuels for short sea shipping: A comparative assessment with focus on environmental impact | Bengtsson et al. (2014) | HFO, MGO, biomass-to-liquid fuel, RME, LNG, LBG |
| Clean fuel options with hydrogen for sea transportation: A life cycle approach | Bicer and Dincer (2018) | Green hydrogen, green ammonia, HFO |
| Environmental impact categories of hydrogen and ammonia driven transoceanic maritime vehicles: A comparative evaluation | Bicer and Dincer (2018) | Hydrogen, ammonia (biomas, municipal waste, geothermal energy), HFO and hydrogen/ammonia |
| Comparative assessment of alternative marine fuels in life cycle perspective | Bilgili (2021) | Biogas, dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), fossil methanol (MeOH), fossil ammonia (NH3) and biodiesel |
| Life cycle comparison of marine fuels for IMO 2020 Sulphur Cap | Bilgili (2021) | HFO, LFO, VFLSO, ULFSO |
| Environmental assessment of marine fuels: Liquefied natural gas, liquefied biogas, methanol and bio-methanol | Brynolf et al. (2014) | HFO, LNG, LBG, methanol (fossil and biomass) |
| Compliance possibilities for the future ECA regulations through the use of abatement technologies or change of fuels | Brynolf et al. (2014) | HFO, MGO, LNG |
| Techno-economic assessment of renewable methanol from biomass gasification and PEM electrolysis for decarbonization of the maritime sector in California | de Fournas and Wei (2022) | HFO, MGO and methanol (biomass and electrolysis) |
| Comparison of Alternative Marine Fuels | DNV GL (2019) | LNG, hydrogen (renewable and fossil), ammonia (renewable and fossil), methanol, LPG, biodiesel – HVO, electricity |
| Assessment of Selected Alternative Fuels and Technologies | DNV GL (2019) | HFO, MGO, LNG, LPG, methanol (fossil and biomass based), biogas, biodiesel, hydrogen (fossil and renewable) |
| Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Marine Fuels: A Case Study of Saudi Crude Oil versus Natural Gas in Different Global Regions | El-Houjeiri et al. (2019) | HFO, MGO, LNG |
| Decarbonising inland ship power system: Alternative solution and assessment method | Fan et al. (2021) | LNG, battery, solar energy, hybrid power |
| Environmental sustainability of alternative marine propulsion technologies powered by hydrogen-a life cycle assessment approach | Fernández-Ríos et al. (2022) | Hydrogen (H2) (PEMFC and ICE), diesel (ICE) |
| Assessment of full life-cycle air emissions of alternative shipping fuels | Gilbert et al. (2018) | HFO, MDO, LNG, RE and NG hydrogen + CCS, fossil methanol, soy SVO, rape SVO, soy and rape biodiesel, bio-LNG |
| Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions from Conventional and Biobased Marine Fuels | Hawkins et al. (2019) | HFO, MGO, MDO, LNG, VLSO, FTdiesel (biomass and fossil based), pyrolysis oil, biodiesel, renewable diesel, vegetable oil |
| Life Cycle Assessment of Alternative Ship Fuels for Coastal Ferry Operating in Republic of Korea | Hwang et al. (2020) | MGO, LNG, fossil hydrogen (H2) |
| A comparative life cycle assessment of marine power systems | Ling-Chin and Roskilly (2016) | Electricity (Li-ion batteries) and MDO |
| Investigating the implications of a new-build hybrid power system for Roll-on/Roll-off cargo ships from a sustainability perspective–A life cycle assessment case study | Ling-Chin and Roskilly (2016) | Hybrid system with electricity (cold ironing, PVs and Li-ion batteries), MDO as prime mover |
| Investigating a conventional and retrofit power plant on-board a Roll-on/Roll-off cargo ship from a sustainability perspective–A life cycle assessment case study | Ling-Chin and Roskilly (2016) | HFO, MDO and hybrid system with electricity (diesel genset as prime mover, PV and Li-ion battery and cold-ironing) |
| An effective framework for life cycle and cost assessment for marine vessels aiming to select optimal propulsion systems | Jeong et al. (2018) | Electricity (Battery hybrid), MDO |
| Evaluation of the lifecycle environmental benefits of full battery powered ships: Comparative analysis of marine diesel and electricity | Jeong et al. (2020) | Battery and diesel |
| , Global Shipping Emissions from a Well-to-Wake Perspective: The MariTEAM Model | Kramel et al. (2021) | HFO, MGO, LNG |
| A comparison of alternative fuels for shipping in terms of lifecycle energy and cost | Law et al. (2021) | HFO, LNG, blue hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3), grey and blue methanol (MeOH), NG electricity, blue and green E-H2, E-NH3, EMeOH, biodiesel, bio-MeOH |
| Reduction of maritime GHG emissions and the potential role of E-fuels | Lindstad et al. (2021) | LPG, HFO, VLSFO, MGO, LNG, LPG (ICE or DF-engines), grey ammonia (NH3), grey hydrogen (H2), E-fuels (E-LNG, E-ammonia, E-liquid hydrogen, E-methanol, E-diesel) |
| Techno-economic assessment of zero-carbon fuels | Lloyd’s Register and UMAS (2020) | MDO, LSHFO, biodiesel, e-diesel, bio-methanol, e-methanol, bio-LNG, e-LNG, ammonia (electro and natural gas based) and hydrogen (electro and natural gas based) |
| The environmental performance of a fossil-free ship propulsion system with onboard carbon capture–a life cycle assessment of the HyMethShip concept | Malmgren et al. (2021) | Methanol (biogenic, fossil, electro), MGO |
| Technoeconomic and environmental assessment of HyForce, a hydrogen-fuelled harbour tug | Menon and Chan (2022) | Hydrogen (fossil and electrolysis) in fuel cell and ICE, MDO in ICE |
| Designing the zero emission vessels of the future: Technologic, economic and environmental aspects | Mestemaker et al. (2020) | LNG (DF with diesel as pilot fuel), renewable/green hydrogen (FC with hybrid drive and batteries) |
| Inclusive Impact Index of Biodiesel Production and Cruise Ship Utilization | Nguyen et al. (2015) | Biodiesel fuel from jatropha curcas oil and waste cooking oil, diesel |
| Live-Life cycle assessment of the electric propulsion ship using solar PV | Park et al. (2022) | Diesel-electric (MGO), battery (grid and solar PV system) |
| The climate implications of using LNG as a marine fuel | Pavlenko et al. (2020) | LNG, MGO, VLSO, HFO |
| Application of fuel cells with zero-carbon fuels in short-sea shipping | Perčić et al. (2022) | Grey, blue and green hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) (PEMFCs and SOFCS), diesel |
| Life-cycle cost assessments of different power system configurations to reduce the carbon footprint in the Croatian short-sea shipping sector | Perčić et al. (2020) | Diesel, electricity Li-ion battery, fossil methanol, natural gas DME, LNG, renewable hydrogen powered by Liion battery, fossil hydrogen, B20 (20% biodiesel 80% fossil fuel) |
| Techno-economic assessment of alternative marine fuels for inland shipping in Croatia | Perčić et al. (2021) | Diesel, Electricity, fossil methanol, LNG, NG hydrogen, NG ammonia and biodiesel |
| Electrification of inland waterway ships considering power system lifetime emissions and costs | Perčić et al. (2021) | Diesel, Li-ion battery, PV cell batterypowered ship |
| Life-cycle cost assessment of alternative marine fuels to reduce the carbon footprint in short-sea shipping: A case study of Croatia | Perčić et al. (2020) | Diesel, Li-ion battery from Croatian electricity mix, PV cell batterypowered ship |
| Technological, Operational and Energy Pathways for Maritime Transport to Reduce Emissions Towards 2050 | Horton et al. (2022) | HFO, MDO, LNG, bioLNG, hydrogen (grey, blue and green), ammonia (grey, blue and green), methanol (grey and green), FAME, HVO |
| Biofuel Options for Marine Applications: Technoeconomic and Life-Cycle Analyses | Tan et al. (2021) | HFO, MDO, MGO, FT-diesel (NG, biomass and coal, biomass and NG, biomass), LNG, renewable diesel, SVO, pyrolysis oil (wood), biodiesel |
| Lignocellulosic marine biofuel: Technoeconomic and environmental assessment for production in Brazil and Sweden | Tanzer et al. (2019) | Several lignocellulosic based marine biofuels (including e.g., biodiesel) |
| Life cycle assessment of a hydrogen and fuel cell ropax ferry prototype, in Progress in Life Cycle Assessment 2019 | Trillos et al. (2021) | Diesel, diesel hybrid, FC + battery ship (hydrogen from PEM electrolyser) |
| Optimisation of operational modes of short-route hybrid ferry: a life cycle assessment case study | Wang et al. (2018) | Hybrid (battery electric and diesel gen), diesel electric (DE), diesel mechanical (DM) |
| Life cycle analysis and cost assessment of a battery powered ferry | Wang et al. (2021) | MDO engine, battery powered system |
| Assessment of forest-based biofuels for Arctic marine shipping | Yacout et al. (2021) | Biodiesel and bioethanol (from pulp and paper mills), MGO and HFO |
| The potential of liquid biofuels in reducing ship emissions | Zhou et al. (2020) | FAME, hydrotreated renewable diesel, FT diesel, DME, bio-methanol |
